مناقشة حالات مسلسل Dr / House ( متابعة )

تكملة الـ (انا هكمله)MS
degeneretic brain diseases
leukoencephalopathy
meningo enhancement
oligoclonal bands
VEP - Visual Evoked Potentials
neoplastic diseases
semi acute sclerosis panencephalitis

اناه هاخد دول

تكملة الـ (انا هكمله)MS
leukoencephalopathy
semi acute sclerosis panencephalitis

semi acute sclerosis panencephalitis

ممكن نكتفي باللي عرفناه عنه من الحالة

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Leukoencephalopathy

Leukoencephalopathy is the destruction of the myelin sheaths that cover nerve fibers. These sheaths, composed of lipoprotein layers, promote the transmission of a neural impulse along an axon. In cancer patients, especially leukemia patients, leukoencephalopathy is a rare side effect, caused by methotrexate and/or radiation. The symptoms of leukoenceopalopathy include seizures, mental dysfunction, and ataxia.

Leukoencephalopathy, also called multifocal demyelinating disease, is not at all unique to patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation. Online, most discussions of this condition are found on AIDS web sites. It can also be caused by "local injury, ischemia, toxic agents, or metabolic disorders" (Merck manual). Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease.

According to the Merck Manual, the demyelinating process can be reversed.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, or PML, is a progressive disease caused by a slow virus in immune-compromised patients. Here is a description of PML:

Merck Manual

The following paragraph is directly from the Royal Belgian Radiological Society web site:

"PML is an uncommon demyelinating disease that occurs in immuno-compromised patients (lymphoma, leukemia, carcinomatosis, AIDS). The incidence of PML in adult AIDS-patients has been estimated to be up to 4%. PML is caused by central nervous system infection by group B Human Papovaviruses (Jacob-Creutzfeldt virus, simian virus 40), destroying principally oligodendroglia, thus resulting in extensive demyelination. The clinical manifestations are those of multiple, progressively enlarging lesions of the cerebral and cerebellar fiber systems: motor system abnormalities, visual loss, dementia and ultimately death, occur four to six months after onset."


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degeneretic brain diseases

حد يعرف عنهم حاجة ؟

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meningo enhancement

- زيادة السحايا - وده ممكن يكون بسبب viral meningitis - التهاب السحايا الفيروسي -

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oligoclonal bands

Oligoclonal bands are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, gained from blood plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is analyzed.

Two methods of analysis are possible: (a) protein electrophoresis, a method of analyzing the composition of fluids, also known as "agarose gel electrophoresis/ Coomassie Blue staining", and (b) the combination of isoelectric focusing/silver staining. The latter is more sensitive[1].

For the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, a patient has a lumbar puncture performed, which removes some of their cerebrospinal fluid.

Each of the two to five oligoclonal bands seen by protein electrophoresis represent proteins (or protein fragments) secreted by plasma cells, although why exactly these bands are present, and which proteins these bands represent, has not yet been elucidated.

Diagnostic value

The presence of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid combined with their absence in blood serum often indicates that immunoglobulins are produced in central nervous system. Therefore it is normal to subtract bands in serum from bands in CSF when investigating CNS diseases.

Oligoclonal bands are an important indicator in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Approximately 79%-90% of all patients with multiple sclerosis have permanently observable oligoclonal bands.

The presence of one band (a monoclonal band) is not considered serious and may simply be normal. More bands may reflect the presence of a disease. The bands tend to disappear from the cerebrospinal fluid as a person recovers from the neurological disease.
[edit] Diseases associated

Oligoclonal bands are also found in:

* Multiple sclerosis
* Lyme Disease
* Devic's disease
* Systemic lupus erythematosus
* Neurosarcoidosis
* Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
* Subarachnoid haemorrhage
* Syphilis
* Primary central nervous system lymphoma
* Sjögren's Syndrome
* Guillain-Barre Syndrome


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Visual Evoked Potentials

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are described by O'Shea et al. (2009)[2]. They are caused by sensory stimulation of a subject's visual field and are observed using electroencephalography. Commonly used visual stimuli are flashing lights, or checkerboards on a video screen that flicker between black on white to white on black (invert contrast). The resulting waveform includes the C1 and P1 followed by the visual N1.

Visual evoked potentials are very useful in detecting blindness in patients that cannot communicate, such as babies or animals. If repeated stimulation of the visual field causes no changes in EEG potentials, then the subject's brain is probably not receiving any signals from his/her eyes. Other applications include the diagnosis of optic neuritis, which causes the signal to be delayed. Such a delay is also a classic finding in Multiple Sclerosis. Visual evoked potentials are furthermore used in the investigation of basic functions of visual perception. VEPs are also sometimes used to determine if someone is fraudulently alleging blindness.

The term "visual evoked potential" is used interchangeably with "visually evoked potential". It usually refers to responses recorded from the occipital cortex. Sometimes, the term "visual evoked cortical potential" (VECP) is used to distinguish the VEP from retinal or subcortical potentials.

The multifocal VEP is used to record separate responses for visual field locations.

Some specific VEPs are:

* Sweep visual evoked potential
* Binocular visual evoked potential
* Chromatic visual evoked potential
* Hemi-field visual evoked potential
* Flash visual evoked potential
* LED Goggle visual evoked potential
* Motion visual evoked potential
* Multifocal visual evoked potential
* Multi-channel visual evoked potential
* Multi-frequency visual evoked potential
* Stereo-elicited visual evoked potential


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يعنى كده مش فاضل غير دول
degeneretic brain diseases
تكملة الـMS

اها تمام .. مين هيعملهم ؟؟

انا هكمل ال ms زى ما بداته

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ومعلش ع الانقطاع

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yersinia infection
Echocardiography
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viral heart infection ايه الفيروسات اللي بتصيب عضلة القلب ؟
hypothyroidism
Unasyn
Coxsackie beta
parvovirus B19
acute interstitial nephritis
أشهر اسباب الـ neuropathy ؟



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