Curriculum of histology - 1st year

Curriculum of Histology


First year




Unit I


Micro-techniques and microscopy (methods of study of histology):
Contents:
· Micro-techniques (methods of preparation of tissue sections for microscopic examination):
- Steps of preparation of microscopic tissue sections, in paraffin method, celloidin method and freezing method.
- Principle of staining tissue sections with haematoxylin and eosin.
- Principles of staining with other stains as acidic stains, basic stains and neutral stains.
- Principles of vital staining, supravital staining, metachromatic staining and histo-chemical staining.
- Measurements and units, used commonly in histology.
· Microscopy:
- Ordinary light microscope (LM).
- Electron microscope (EM), including transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
ILOs of the micro-techniques and microscopy:


By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:
1- Define micro-techniques.
2- Enumerate the steps of preparation of microscopic paraffin sections.
3- Explain the aim of each step of preparation of microscopic paraffin sections.
4- Compare between the advantages and the disadvantages of the paraffin method, the celloidin method, and the freezing method.
5- Explain the principle of staining with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E).
6- Define vital staining, supravital staining and metachromatic staining.
7- Define the measurements and units, used commonly in histology.
8- Recognize the different parts of the ordinary light microscope.
9- Adjust the light microscope for examination of histological sections, using its different magnifications.
10- Define the term resolution power.
11- Differentiate between resolution and magnifications of microscopes.
12- Summarize the differences between the light microscope and the transmission electron microscope (TEM).
13- Explain electron dense and electron lucent terms.






Unit II


Cytology and cytogenetics (the cell):


Contents:

· General structure of the cell.
· Cytoplasm:
- Cytoplasmic matrix (cytosol) and its contents of organelles and inclusions.
- Classification of cell organelles into membranous organelles and non-membranous organelles.
- Structure and correlated functions of each type of membranous and non-membranous organelles.
- Structure and correlated functions of components of cytoskeleton
- Classification of cell inclusions into stored food, pigments and crystals.
- Structure and correlated functions of each type of inclusions.
· Nucleus:
- General appearance of nuclei regarding shape, size, site and number in cells.
- Organization of deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) and its duplication.
- Types of ribo-nucleic acid (RNA).
- Structure and correlated functions of components of nucleus.
- Cell death (necrosis and apoptosis)
- Cell cycle and cell division.
- Mitosis.
- Definition of meiosis.
- Structure and types of chromosomes, karyotyping, and examples of chromosomal abnormalities (abnormalities in structure and abnormalities in number).
- Clinical importance of chromosomal examination and karyotyping in identification of sex, and diagnosis of Down's syndrome (mongolism), Kleinfilter syndrome, multiple X chromosomes syndrome and Turner's syndrome.
ILOs of the cytology and cytogenetics (the cell)



By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:




1- Cytoplasm:
1. List the components of the cell.
2. Compare between the organelles and the inclusions.
3. List the types of membranous and non-membranous organelles.
4. Define the term unit membrane.
5. Describe the structure and correlated functions of each type of the membranous organelles and the non-membranous organelles.
6. Describe the molecular structure of the cell (plasma) membrane or plasmalemma.
7. List the components of the cytoskeleton.
8. List the organelles involved in protein synthesis and secretion in cells.
9. Compare between the centrioles, the cilia and the flagella.
10. Define endocytosis and exocytosis.
11. List the different types of endocytosis.
12. Classify cell inclusions.
13. Describe the structure and correlated functions of each type of the cell inclusion.
14. Recognize specifically stained sections of the different types of organelles and inclusions, using high magnification of light microscope, within one minute each.
15. Identify and label electron micrographs of the different types of organelles, within one minute each.
16. Draw Labeled diagrams for stained sections of organelles and inclusions, within 5 minutes each.




2- Nucleus:
1. Describe the structure and correlated functions of the nuclear membrane (envelop), nucleolus, chromatin and nuclear sap.
2. Compare between the extended type of chromatin (active or euchromatin) and the condensed type of chromatin (inactive or heterochromatin).
3. Explain what is meant by the cell cycle.
4. Define the cell mitosis and the cell meiosis.
5. Describe the four stages of the cell mitosis.
6. Define cell renewal, non-renewing cells, potentially renewable cells and continuously renewing cell.
7. List the cell changes indicating cell death (necrosis and apoptosis).
8. Describe the structure of chromosomes.
9. Classify chromosomes into sex chromosomes and autosomes.
10. Classify chromosomes according to the position of the centromere.
11. Define the Barr body.
12. Explain the significance of the Barr body.
13. Define diploid, haploid, polyploid, and aneuploid cells.
14. Explain the numerical abnormalities in Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, multiple x syndrome and Turner’s syndrome.
15. Define break, deletions, and inversion of chromosomes.







Unit III


General Histology






A- Epithelial Tissue:


Contents:


· General characteristics of epithelial tissue.
· Classification (types) of epithelial tissue into: simple epithelium, stratified epithelium, glandular epithelium and neuro-epithelium.
· Classification of glandular epithelium according to: presence or absence of duct system, number of cells, type of secretory units, branching of duct system, type of secretion, and mode of secretion.
· Structure, correlated functions and examples of sites of each type of epithelium.
· Specializations of epithelial surfaces: structure and correlated functions of specializations of:
- Apical surface: microvilli, stereocilia, cilia and flagella.
- Lateral surfaces: intercellular junctions including tight junctions, adherent junctions, gap junctions, and junctional complex.
- Basal surface: basal infoldings and hemi-desmosomes.
ILOs of the epithelial tissue:


By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:


1- Describe the general characteristics of the epithelial tissue.
2- List the types of epithelial tissue.
3- Describe the structure, correlated functions and examples of sites of each type of epithelium.
4- Classify Glandular epithelium according to the presence and absence of duct system, the number of cells, the type of the secretory units, the branching of the duct system, the type of secretion of glands and the mode of secretion of glands.
5- List the specializations of the different epithelial cell surfaces.
6- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the specializations of the epithelial cell surfaces.
7- Describe the structure, correlated functions and examples of sites of the different types of the cell junctions.
8- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the junctional complex.
9- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the taste bud (an example of the neuro-epithelium).
10- Recognize the different types of epithelium, using high magnification of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
11- Draw the different types of epithelium, stained with haematoxylin & eosin, within 5 minutes each.












B- Connective tissue:
Contents:
· General features of connective tissue: including amorphpous intercellular substance, collagen (formation, types and its relation to reticular fibers), and elastic fibers
· The structure and correlated functions of: basement membrane, and basal Lamina.
· Classification of connective tissue: into connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood.







1- Connective tissue proper:

Contents:

- General characteristics of connective tissue proper.
- Structural components of connective tissue proper: Structure, staining properties, and correlated functions of different connective tissue cells and extra-cellular matrix, including fibers (collagen, elastic and reticular Fibers) and ground substance.
- Types of connective tissue proper: including structure, correlated functions and examples of sites of each type.





2- Cartilage:

Contents:

- Structural features of cartilage: structure, staining properties, and correlated functions of cartilage cells, fibers and matrix.
- Types of Cartilage:
1. Structure, correlated functions and examples of sites of different types of cartilage including hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibro-cartilage.
2. Nutrition of cartilage.
- Formation and growth of cartilage: (interstitial growth and appositional growth).





3- Bone:

Contents:

- General structural characteristics of bone.
- Structure and correlated functions of bone cells, and bone matrix.
- Methods of histological study of bone.
- Classification of bone: according to structure into compact bone and cancellous bone.
- Structure, correlated functions and sites of: compact bone and cancellous Bone.
- Bone formation, growth, remodeling, and ossification: (intramembranous ossification and endochondial ossification).
- Healing of fractures of bones.
ILOs of the connective tissue proper, cartilage and bone:






By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:






1- Connective tissue proper:

1. Describe the general structure of the connective tissue.
2. Describe the different types of connective tissue proper cells and extra-cellular matrix (connective tissue fibers and ground substance).
3. Describe the structure, staining properties and the correlated functions of the collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers.
4. List the different types of collagen, with giving examples for each type.
5. Describe the structure, staining properties and correlated functions of the basement membrane and the basal lamina.
6. Compare between the structure and staining affinities of the collagen fibers, the elastic fibers, and the reticular fibers.
7. Describe the structure, staining properties and correlated functions of the different types of the connective tissue cells.
8. Explain what is meant by vital staining of the macrophages.
9. Explain what is meant by metachromatic staining of the mast cells by toluidine blue.
10. Describe the structure, correlated functions and examples of sites of the different types of the connective tissue proper.
11. Identify sections of the collagen fibers (stained with haematoxylin and eosin), elastic fibers (stained with orcein) and reticular fibers (stained with silver), using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
12. Recognize sections of the connective tissue cells, stained with appropriate stains, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
13. Draw labeled diagrams of sections of the different types of connective tissue cells, stained with appropriate stains, within 5 minutes each.




2- Cartilage:

1. Describe the general structure of cartilage.
2. Explain the nutrition of cartilage.
3. Describe the structure, sites and correlated functions of the hyaline cartilage, the elastic cartilage and the white fibro-cartilage.
4. Compare between the hyaline cartilage, the elastic cartilage and the white fibro-cartilage.
5. Describe the types of growth of cartilage.
6. Describe the formation of cartilage.
7. Recognize sections of the hyaline cartilage, ear pinna (elastic cartilage) and fibro-cartilage, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
8. Draw labeled diagrams of haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the hyaline cartilage, ear pinna (elastic cartilage) and fibro-cartilage, within 15 minutes each.





3- Bone:

1. Describe the general structure of bone.
2. Describe the structure and correlated functions of the bone cells and the bone matrix.
3. List the methods of the histological study of bone.
4. Describe the structure and correlated functions of the compact bone and the cancellous bone.
5. List the sites of the compact bone and the cancellous bone.
6. Describe the structure and correlated functions of the Haversian system or osteon.
7. Compare between the compact bone and the cancellous bone.
8. Describe the two different types of ossification of bone.
9. Describe the different zones of the growing end of a long bone.
10. Describe growth of bone, remodeling of bones and healing of fractures of bones.
11. Compare between the bone and the cartilage.
12. Recognize sections of the compact bone, cancellous bone and growing end of long bone, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
13. Draw labeled diagrams of haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the compact bone, cancellous bone and growing end of long bone, within 15 minutes each.










C- Muscle tissue:

Contents:

· Origin of muscle tissue.
· Classification: of muscle tissue according to:
- Morphology into striated and non-striated smooth muscles.
- Function into voluntary and involuntary muscles.


· Skeletal muscle:
- Structure, correlated functions and sites of skeletal muscles, including muscle fibers, myofibrils and myofilaments.
- Structure and correlated functions of sarcomere.
- Types of skeletal muscle fibers (red, white and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers).
- Structure and correlated functions of sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system (triads) of skeletal muscle fibers.
- Organization of skeletal muscle.


· Cardiac muscle:
- Structure and correlated functions of cardiac muscle fibers.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulumm and T-tubule system (diads) of cardiac muscle fibers.
- Structure of wall of heart, including epicardium, myocardium, endocardium and valves.
- Components of impulse conducting system of heart.
- Structure and correlated functions of moderator band.
· Smooth muscle:structure, correlated functions, and sites of smooth muscle fibers.
· Growth and regenerative ability: of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
· Contractile non-muscle cells: myoepithelial cells and myofibroblasts.
ILOs of the muscle tissue:
By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:
1- Classify muscle tissue, according to their morphology and according to their functions.
2- Describe the types of the skeletal muscle fibers.
3- Describe the structure of the myofibrils.
4- Describe the organization of the skeletal muscle.
5- Describe the structure, sites and correlated functions of the skeletal muscle fibers.
6- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the sarcomere.
7- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system (triads) of the skeletal muscle fibers.
8- State the origin, growth and regeneration of the skeletal muscle fibers.
9- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the cardiac muscle fibers.
10- Describe sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system (diads) of the cardiac muscle fibers.
11- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the intercalated disk.
12- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the wall of the heart (epicardium, myocardium, endocadium and valves).
13- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the moderator band.
14- Outline the differences between the Purkinje fibers and the cardiac muscle fibers.
15- State the growth and regeneration of the cardiac muscle fibers.
16- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the smooth muscle fibers.
17- State the growth and the regeneration of the smooth muscle fibers.
18- Compare between the growth and regeneration ability of the skeletal muscle, the cardiac muscle and the

smooth muscle.

19- Compare between the skeletal muscle, the cardiac muscle and the smooth muscle.
20- List the contractile non-muscle cells (myo-epithelial cells and myofibroblasts).
21- Recognize sections of L.S. of the skeletal muscle, T.S. of the skeletal muscle, the wall of the heart, and the moderator band, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
22- Draw labeled diagrams of Haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of L.S. of the skeletal muscle, T.S. of the skeletal muscle, the wall of the heart and the moderator band, within 15 minutes each.









D- Nervous tissue:
Contents:
· Components of nervous tissue: nerve cells (neurons) and glial (neuroglial) Cells.
· Classification of neurons:
- According to morphology: polarity of neurons (unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar and multipolar neurons), and size and length of their axons (Golgi Type I neurons and Golgi Type II neurons).
- According to functions: into sensory neurons, motor Neurons and Interneurons.
· Structure and correlated functions of nerve cells (neurons) including: Nerve cell body (perikaryon) and processes (axon and dendrites).
· Structure and correlated functions of myelinated nerve fibers. and myelination of nerve fibers.
· Classifications of nerve fibers:
- According to their sheaths into myelinated with neurolemma, myelinated without neurolemma, naked with no neurolemma and unmyelinated with neurolemma.
- According to site of nerve fibers into: nerve fibers in peripheral nervous system and nerve fibers in central nervous system.
· Organization of nerve fibers in nerve trunk.
· Structure and correlated functions of nerve Ganglia including: sensory (spinal) ganglion and autonomic (sympathetic) ganglion.
· Degeneration and regeneration of neurons.
· Stains, used to study nervous tissue: haematoxylin and eosin, osmic acid and silver.



· Synapse, including:
- Classification of synapse according to site of synaptic contact into axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic and dendro-dendritic synapse and according to method of signal transmission into chemical synapse and electrical synapse.
- Structure and correlated functions of synapse (axon terminal, presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane).
· Blood brain barrier.
· Structure, sites and correlated functions of different types of neuroglia cells.
ILOs of Nervous tissue:
By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:
1- Classify nerve cells (neurons) morphologically and functionally.
2- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the nerve cell body (perikaryon) and processes including axon and dendrite.
3- Outline the differences between the axon and the dendrites.
4- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the myelinated nerve fiber.
5- Explain the process of myelination of a nerve fiber.
6- Classify nerve fibers according to their sheaths and according to their sites.
7- Describe the organization of the nerve fibers in a nerve trunk.
8- Define nerve ganglia.
9- Compare the structure, functions and sites of the sensory (spinal) ganglion and the autonomic (sympathetic) ganglion.
10- Define synapse.
11- Classify synapse according to the site of synaptic contact (axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic and dendro-dentritic synapse) and according to the method of signal transmission (chemical and electrical synapse).
12- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the synapse (axon terminal, presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and post synaptic membrane).
13- List the types of the neuroglia.
14- List the cells, responsible for formation of myelin sheath in the peripheral nerve and in the CNS.
15- Describe the structure and correlated functions of each type of the neuroglia.
16- Describe the structure of the blood brain barrier.
17- Describe degeneration and regeneration of the nervous tissue.
18- Recognize sections of the nerve trunk (stained with haematoxylin and eosin or osmic acid), spinal ganglion and sympathetic ganglion (stained with haematoxylin and eosin or silver), using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
19- Draw sections of the nerve trunk (stained with haematoxylin and eosin or osmic acid), spinal ganglion and sympathetic ganglion (stained with haematoxylin and eosin or silver), within 15 minutes each.







E- Blood, haematopoiesis and bone marrow:
Contents:
· Components of Blood: plasma and formed elements of blood including, erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs), leucocytes (white blood cells or WBCs) and platelets (thrombocytes).
· Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs):
- Number, life span, size, shape and Ruleaux appearance of erythrocytes.
- Red blood cells count, done by haemocytometer and electronic method.
- Haemolysis and crenation of erythrocytes.
- Structure and correlated functions of erythrocytes.
- Structural adaptations of erythrocytes to their Functions.
- Haemoglobin percent in Blood.
- Medical applications: polycythaemia, and anaemia (definition and types including normocytic anaemia, microcytic anaemia, macrocytic anaemia, haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell anaemia).
· Leucocytes (white blood cells or leucocytes):
- Total number of leucocytes.
- Classification of leucocytes into granular leucocytes and non-granular leucocytes.
- Definition of total leucocytic count and differential leucocytic count.
- Total leucocytic count, done by haemocytometer and electronic method.
- Differential leucocytic count done by making blood film stained with Leishman's stain.
- Life span of each type of leucocytes.
- Structure and correlated functions of each type of leucocytes.
- Medical applications: abnormal increase or abnormal decrease in total and differential leucocytic counts.
· Blood platelets (thrombocyes):
- Number and life span of blood platelets.
- Platelets count, done by haemocytometer and electronic method.
- Structure and correlated functions of blood platelets.
- Medical application: thrombocytopenia (purpura disease).
· Bone marrow:
- Classification of bone marrow into active (red) bone marrow, and inactive (yellow) bone marrow.
- Structure and correlated functions of bone marrow.
· Haematopoeisis, including development of:
- Erythrocytes, leucocytes and blood platelets.
- Structure and correlated functions of megakaryocytes and reticulocytes.
- Medial application: reticulocytosis.
ILOs of blood, haematopoiesis and bone marrow:
By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:
1- State the number, size, shape and life span of erythrocytes.
2- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the erythrocytes.
3- Describe the structural adaptations of erythrocytes to their functions.
4- Define polycythaemia.
5- Define the term anaemia.
6- Differentiate between the different types of anaemia.
7- Describe the structure, type of staining and significance of reticulocytes.
8- Classify leucocytes.
9- Define the terms total leucocytic count and differential leucocytic count.
10- Describe the structure and correlated functions of each type of the blood leucocytes.
11- State the causes of increased or decreased total leucocytic count and differential leucocytic count.
12- State the number, size, shape and life span of the blood platelets.
13- Describe structure and correlated functions of the blood platelets.
14- Describe staining of blood films with the Leishman blood stain.
15- List the sites of the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.
16- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the bone marrow.
17- Define haematopoiesis.
18- Describe the development of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes) and blood platelets (thrombocytes).
19- Recognize, in a blood film stained with Leishman, the erythrocytes, the different types of leucocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) and the platelets, using high power of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
20- Draw the erythrocytes, the different types of leucocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes), and platelets, stained with Leishman, within 5 minutes each.











Special Histology:

Unit IV:


Blood vascular system:
Contents:
· Structural plan of wall of blood vessels.
· Arteries: structure and correlated functions of large elastic arteries (aorta), medium-sized (muscular) arteries and arterioles.
· Veins: Structure and correlated functions of large veins (inferior vena cava), medium-sized veins and venules.
· Atrerio-venous connections including:
- Types of capillaries.
- Structure and correlated functions of each type of capillaries.
- Sinusoids.
- Aerterio-venous anastomosis.
· Structure of special arteries: including coronary artery and basiliar artery.
ILOs of blood vascular system:




By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:


1- Describe the general structure of the wall of a blood vessel.
2- Describe the structure and correlated functions of a medium-sized artery and a medium sized vein.
3- Compare between a medium-sized artery and a medium-sized vein.
4- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the aorta.
5- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the inferior vena cava.
6- List the types of blood capillaries.
7- Describe the structures and correlated functions of the blood capillaries.
8- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the blood sinusoids.
9- Describe the different atrerio-venous connections.
10- Describe the structure of the coronary artery and the basilar artery.
11- Recognize sections of the medium-sized artery and medium-sized vein, the aorta, the inferior vena cava and the basilar artery, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute, without breaking the slides.
12- Recognize a section of the aorta, stained with orcein, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slide.
13- Draw labeled diagrams of haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the medium-sized artery and medium-sized vein, the aorta, the inferior vena cava and the basilar artery, within 15 minutes each.






Unit V:


Lymphoid system (immune system)


Contents:

· Lymph circulation.
· Structure of lymph vessels.
· Distribution of lymphoid tissue.
· Cells involved in immune system.
· Structure of lymphatic nodules.
· Revising the structure of the small lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and Natural killer cells (NK).
· Classification of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT): into gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).
· Structure and correlated functions of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
· Structure and correlated functions of M (microfold) or membrane cells.
· Structure and correlated functions of palatine tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil and lingual tonsil.
· Structure and correlated functions of lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
- Blood-thymus barrier.
- Blood supply and microcirculation: of lymph node, spleen and thymus.
· Types, sites, structure and correlated functions of mononuclear phagocytic system.
ILOs of the lymphoid (immune system):





By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:


1- State the lymph circulation.
2- Describe the structure and correlated functions of lymph capillaries.
3- Compare between the blood capillaries and the lymph capillaries.
4- List the distribution of the lymphoid tissue.
5- Describe the structure, site and correlated functions of the lymphoid nodules.
6- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the small lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells or NK cells).
7- List the cells, present in the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid nodules.
8- List the cells of the immune system.
9- Enumerate the antigen presenting cells.
10- Explain the structure and correlated functions of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
11- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the M (microfold) or membrane cells.
12- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the lymph node, the spleen and the thymus.
13- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the blood-thymus barrier.
14- Describe the blood supply and microcirculation of the lymph node, the spleen and the thymus.
15- Describe the thymus-dependent zones in the lymph nodes and spleen.
16- Compare between the structure and the correlated functions of the lymph node and the spleen.
17- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the palatine tonsil, the pharyngeal tonsil and the lingual tonsil.
18- Compare between the structure of the palatine tonsil, the pharyngeal tonsil and the lingual tonsil.
19- Recognize sections of the lymph node, spleen, thymus, and palatine tonsil, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
20- Recognize sections of the lymph node and spleen, stained with silver, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
21- Draw labeled diagrams of sections of the lymph node, spleen, thymus, and palatine tonsil, stained with haematoxylin and eosin, within 15 minutes.








Unit VI:


Integumentary system (skin and its appendages):


Contents:

· Over view of structure of skin: as being formed of:
- Epidermis including layers of epidermis, cells of epidermis (keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and Merkel's cells.
- Dermis, including papillary layer and reticular Layer.
· Structure, sites and correlated functions of types of skin:
- Thick skin (palm of hands and sole of feet).
- Thin skin (with hairs, hair follicles and associated structures).
· Pigmentation of skin.
· Structure and correlated functions of glands of skin including:
- Sebaceous glands.
- Sweat glands.
· Structure of nails.
ILOs of integumentary system (skin and its appendages):




By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:



1- List the types of skin.
2- List the types of cells of the epidermis of the skin.
3- Describe the structure and correlated functions of Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkl's cells.
4- Name the five layers of the epidermis of the thick skin.
5- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the thick skin including the epidermis and the dermis.
6- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the thin skin.
7- Explain pigmentation of the skin.
8- Summarize the differences between the thick skin and the thin skin.
9- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the hair, hair follicle and its associated structures.
10- Describe the structure of a transverse section of a hair and a hair follicle.
11- Enumerate the types of glands of the skin.
12- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the sebaceous glands.
13- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the types of sweat glands.
14- Describe the structure of the nail.
15- Recognize sections of thick skin and thin skin, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
16- Draw labeled diagrams of haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of thick skin and thin skin, within 15 minutes each.






Unit VII:


Respiratory system.


Contents:

· Structure and correlated functions of conducting portion of respiratory system, including:
- Nasal cavities and olfactory area.
- Para-nasal sinuses.
- Naso-pharynx.
- Larynx and epiglottis.
- Trachea.
- Tracheo-bronchial epithelium.
- Bronchial tree including extra-pulmonary bronchi and intra-pulmonary bronchi.
- Preterminal (primary) bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
- Structure and correlated functions of clara cells.
· Structure and correlated Functions of respiratory portion of respiratory system, including:
- Respiratory bronchioles.
- Alveolar ducts.
- Alveolar sacs.
- Alveoli.
- Structure and correlated functions of alveolar epithelium (pneumocyte I and pneumocyte II).
- Inter alveolar septum, and blood air barrier.
· Lobes, segments and lobules of lung.
· Lung macrophages (alveolar phagocytes).
· Pulmonary circulation.
· Pulmonary lymphatic vessels.
· Structure and correlated functions of pleura.
ILOs of respiratory System:




By the end of this unit, the student should be able to:



1- List the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system.
2- List the components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system.
3- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the nasal cavities (with the conchae and pseudo-eractile Tissue).
4- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the olfactory mucosa.
5- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the respiratory epithelium (tracheo-bronchial epithelium).
6- Describe the structue of the larynx.
7- State the types of cartilages of the wall of the larynx.
8- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the epiglottis.
9- State the types of epithelium, lining the larynx.
10- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the trachea.
11- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the intra-pulmonary bronchus.
12- Outline the similarities and the differences between the extra-pulmonary bronchus and the intra-pulmonary bronchus.
13- List the orders of the bronchioles.
14- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the bronchioles.
15- Describe the structure and correlated functions of clara cells.
16- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli.
17- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the inter-alveolar septum, and the blood air barrier.
18- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the alveolar epithelium (pneumocyte I and pneomcyte II).
19- Define lobes, segments and lobules of the lung.
20- Describe the origin, structure and correlated functions of the lung macrophages.
21- State the blood and the lymph vascular supply of the lung.
22- Describe the structure and correlated functions of the pleura.
23- Recognize sections of the trachea and the lung, using different magnifications of light microscope, within one minute each, without breaking the slides.
24- Draw labeled diagrams of haematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the trachea and the lung, within 15
minutes each.